Historical landmarks on Trinity’s Front Square
Jack
7 min read • 9 August 2024
Front Square at Trinity College Dublin.
Welcome to our tour of Dublin’s historical landmarks, where Ireland’s rich history and vibrant heritage come alive.
As we journey through some key periods in Irish history, we’ll highlight the best historic sites where you can explore artefacts or landmarks from each era and gain a deeper understanding of Dublin’s rich history.
From renowned landmarks to lesser-known gems, these must-visit historical places are key to understanding the broader tapestry of Ireland’s history. Join us on a journey through time as we uncover the significance behind Dublin’s best historical attractions.
The list of historical places to visit spans 10,000 years of history, from prehistoric Ireland, to its Viking history, right up to modern day.
We have included links to visitor attractions to allow you to check visitor opening hours and prices before planning your tour.
For an in-depth journey through of Irish history, work your way through everything on the list at your own pace. Alternatively, simply pick your favourite attractions.
Table of Contents
- Prehistoric Ireland (8000 BC – AD 400)
- Early Christian Ireland (400 – 1000)
- Vikings and Medieval Ireland (800 – 1169)
- English and Anglo-Irish Rule (1169 – 1801)
- Irish Independence (1801 – Present)
Prehistoric Ireland (8000 BC – AD 400)
This period in Irish heritage covers the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and Iron Age. It spans from approximately 8000 BC to AD 400.
The first known settlers in Ireland arrived around 8000 BC. They mostly lived in hunter-gatherer societies and survived by fishing, hunting and foraging. Reconstructions of their settlements can be found in the Irish National Heritage Park in Co. Wexford.
Between 4000 – 2500 BC (Neolithic period), agricultural communities began to take shape in Ireland. These people built structures like Newgrange and Knowth (UNESCO World Heritage Sites) in Co. Meath.
The Bronze Age (approximately 2500 – 500 BC) is so called because of the first-known use of bronze metalworking. This new skill was used to create tools, weapons and ceremonial objects. The Bronze Age people were skilled in agriculture and trade.
Following this era came the Iron Age (500 BC – AD 400). This period was marked by the arrival of Celtic tribes. The Celts brought new technologies like ironworking and tribal community structures. They built ringforts and hill forts. Among the most famous is the Hill of Tara in Co. Meath.
National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology
To learn more about prehistoric Ireland, we highly recommend visiting the National Museum of Ireland – Archeology on Kildare Street in Dublin. This historic, must-visit museum is free of charge.
Some of the prehistoric collections include:
- Bog bodies: The museum is renowned for its collection of well-preserved ancient human remains found in Irish peat bogs. These bog bodies offer incredible insights into Iron Age life and death, with notable examples like the “Old Croghan Man” and “Clonycavan Man”
- Ceremonial and domestic artefacts: Includes impressive items like gold lunulae (necklaces), wooden and stone tools and early pottery
- The Treasury exhibition: Contains priceless artefacts like the Broighter Collar which dates from the first century BC
- Early Bronze Age weapons: Objects include swords, shields and axe heads
- Vessels: A key attraction is a 4,500 year old longboat from the Neolithic period
Prehistoric monuments outside Dublin city centre
The most famous of Ireland’s prehistoric monuments are undoubtedly Newgrange (Co. Meath) or Dún Aonghasa on the Aran Islands off Co. Galway.
There are some sites in the city centre where prehistoric discoveries have been made, but most don’t have visible monuments today. Some of these include:
- Early Bronze Age cemetery in Kilmainham.
- Iron Age bank at Ormond Quay.
- Mesolithic fish traps at Spencer Dock along the banks of the River Liffey.
- Knockmaree Dolmen in Phoenix Park.
If you are able to travel further outside the city, here are some other places to prehistoric sites to explore:
- Aideen’s Grave in the grounds of Howth Castle. This portal tomb dates back to 2500 BC and according to legend, was built as a burial tomb for the daughter of Aenghus, ruler of Howth.
- Brennanstown Portal Tomb in Carrickmines. This tomb is approximately 11ft tall and the top stone (capstone) is estimated to weigh approximately 45 tons. It dates back to 2500 BC.
- Seahan Passage Tombs in the Dublin mountains. It’s estimated that these tombs were built between 3500 – 3300 BC. This ancient structure is linked to Irish folklore as a portal to the ‘otherworld,’ with nearby peaks named after the legendary hero Fionn Mac Cumhaill.
Early Christian Ireland (400 – 1000)
The Early Christian period in Ireland was marked by a period of change, generally characterised by the introduction and spread of Christianity.
One of the most well-known figures of the period was St Patrick, traditionally credited with converting the Irish population to Christianity in the 5th century. However, it is believed that Christianity existed in Ireland prior to St Patrick.
The establishment of monasteries during this period played a key role in the spread of Christianity.
Some key monasteries included the settlement in Kells and on the island of Iona, both of which were associated with the creation of the Book of Kells.
The Book of Kells at Trinity College Dublin
On a historical tour of Dublin, the Book of Kells shines as Ireland’s most treasured cultural masterpiece. This iconic manuscript is a remarkable testament to Early Christian Ireland, shaping how generations have viewed and understood this pivotal era.
The 1,200-year-old manuscript is celebrated for its remarkable state of preservation and unparalleled artistry. Adorned with intricate designs, such as vibrant knotwork and exquisitely detailed portraits, it stands as a masterpiece of medieval art.
Often described as “the work of angels”, the Book of Kells is a must-see for anyone interested in Irish history.
The book is a an illuminated manuscript depicting the four Gospels of the Christian New Testament, written in Latin.. Some of the most interesting things about it include:
- The Book of Kells was created by monks who believed the gospel was the living word of God. By creating a beautiful manuscript, part of the goal was to invite viewers into the mystery of Christian faith.
- The book is believed to have been created for ceremonial purposes rather than for daily use. As most people at the time were not exposed to visual material, the artwork in the manuscript would have been an awe inspiring sight.
- The Book of Kells was written in Latin, however the every day language of the young monks that created it was Irish and as a result it features a number of mistakes.
- The artistic style of the book is referred to as ‘Celtic’ but a more accurate descriptor is ‘Insular,’ which comes from the Latin ‘insulae’ meaning islands, that is, the islands of Ireland and Britain.
- Features of Insular art include spiral motifs (possibly Celtic influence), abstract animals (Germanic and Anglo-Saxon influence) and ornate ribbons (Mediterranean influence).
Explore the Book of Kells Experience at Trinity College Dublin. See this 1,200 year old medieval manuscript up close and discover the intricate details of its beautiful illustrations. Your visit includes access to the Old Library building and a new immersive digital experience that brings you on an extraordinary journey through artwork of the book.
Alternatively, make the most out of your visit with a bundle ticket, which includes entry to the Book of Kells Experience and the Trinity Trails Tour. Experience the history of Trinity College and its surroundings while enjoying the exquisite art of the Book of Kells.
Book your ticket today to one of Ireland’s most beloved historical artefacts.
Viking and Medieval Ireland (800 – 1169)
The beginning of the Viking Age in Ireland was marked by the arrival of Norse raiders in AD 800.
These Vikings were sea travellers from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden).
They initially attacked and plundered monasteries and coastal settlements, but over time, these Viking raiders established permanent settlements and towns in Dublin, Cork and Limerick.
The settlers introduced trade networks, crafts and urbanisation to Ireland, fortifying towns and introducing new architectural styles.
By the 11th century, the Norse had begun to integrate with the local Irish population, resulting in a blending of cultures. Some important figures of the time include Brian Boru, who defeated the Vikings in a famous battle at Clontarf in 1014, thus establishing a more unified Gaelic rule.
In 1169, the Normans arrived in Ireland and marked another shift in Irish history.
The Normans, led by Richard de Clare (Strongbow), were invited by Diarmait Mac Murchada, the deposed King of Leinster, to help him reclaim his kingdom.
This invasion led to a period of Norman expansion and control over large parts of Ireland, setting the stage for centuries of English influence and conflict.
The Normans introduced feudalism, established castles and reshaped the political and social structure of Ireland.
Dublinia
A fantastic way to explore Viking Dublin is at the Dublinia exhibition, located beside Christ Church Cathedral.
It’s also got a wonderful online learning tool to find out more about what Viking Dublin looked like.
Dublinia brings to life a bustling Viking town and medieval city through engaging exhibits and interactive displays.
There are reconstructions of Viking and medieval streets, complete with detailed dioramas and artefacts.
Highlights include a detailed Viking house, interactive elements like dress-up areas, and educational panels explaining the historical context.
St Audoen’s Church and Visitor Centre
St Audoen’s is the only surviving medieval church in Dublin city centre. It is believed to have been built around 1190.
It is possible that it was built on the site of an earlier church dedicated to St Columcille. The early building gives us insights into the cultural and religious changes in medieval Ireland.
It was built and named after St Ouen, a bishop from the seventh century, and patron saint of Normandy, demonstrating the Norman influence on Dublin’s history.
Its architecture is a blend of 12th and 15th-century styles, reflecting the evolution of the building over centuries.
Inside, visitors can explore the ruins of the church and discover its rich history through informative displays. The church’s location in the heart of Dublin makes it a convenient place to visit.
English and Anglo-Irish Rule (1169 – 1801)
The next significant period in Irish history was English and Anglo-Irish Rule, spanning from approximately 1169 – 1801.
The period began with the arrival of Norman forces. They exploited internal conflicts between Irish kings and warring tribes and eventually established a foothold in the east.
Ultimately, the Normans never fully dominated the island and as with the Viking, the cultures blended due to intermarriage.
However, in the 16th century, the Tudor dynasty made significant efforts to establish English rule. The Gaelic chieftains resisted the English invasion, but uprisings were never fully stamped out.
Elizabeth I’s reign was marked by efforts to settle English colonists in Ireland, and this was reinforced by land confiscation and imposition of Protestant rule.
The Penal Laws were established to disenfranchise Catholics and limit their rights. This period was characterised by the repression of the Catholic religion, the prohibition of the Irish language and severe economic restriction on Catholics.
The 18th century saw the rise of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy, a predominantly Protestant ruling class descended from English settlers.
However, there were constant demands for Irish political reform and independence. The Act of Union was passed in 1801 which merged the Irish and British parliaments, thus creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Trinity College Dublin
Trinity College Dublin, situated in the heart of Dublin city centre, was founded by Queen Elizabeth I in 1592, making it Ireland’s oldest university.
Trinity’s Front Square is full of historical landmarks and you can take a guided walking tour with an expert guide across the campus to learn about it’s famous past students and architectural gems.
The oldest surviving building in Front Square is the Rubrics, a redbrick building which lines one side of the square. The Rubrics was built in 1690 and has been housing students and university fellows since then, making it the oldest residential building in Dublin.
Rathfarnham Castle
Built in 1592 by Sir William Ussher, a key figure in Elizabethan Ireland, the castle reflects the period’s distinct architectural style and the consolidation of English power in Ireland.
The castle’s design, with its imposing façade and fortified features, illustrates the English settlers’ efforts to establish dominance and secure their position amid a landscape of complex Irish and English interactions.
Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, Rathfarnham Castle served as a residence for prominent Anglo-Irish families, such as the Ussher and Loftus families.
The castle’s role highlights the power dynamics of the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy, which enforced Protestant dominance.
Dublin Castle
Dublin Castle, situated in the heart of Dublin on Dame Street, is one of Ireland’s most historically significant landmarks.
Originally built in the 13th century as a defensive fortress by the Anglo-Normans, it has been central to the political and administrative history of Ireland.
Over the centuries, it evolved from a military stronghold into a centre of British governance and administration.
Dublin Castle was the seat of British rule in Ireland for over seven centuries (approximately 1204 – 1922).
It served as the headquarters for the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the British official responsible for representing the Crown.
Key political events, including significant moments in Irish history and British administration, took place within its walls.
The castle was central to the administration of English rule, overseeing the governance and control of Ireland.
Irish Independence (1801 – Present)
Kilmainham Gaol
Kilmainham Gaol, located on Inchicore Road, Kilmainham, is one of Ireland’s most significant historical sites, deeply entwined with the nation’s struggle for independence.
Opened in 1796, the gaol originally served as a prison for various criminal offences, but its historical importance grew as it became a central location for political prisoners during Ireland’s revolutionary period.
Kilmainham Gaol played a pivotal role in the history of Irish nationalism and the creation of the Irish republic.
It housed many prominent figures of the Irish independence movement, including leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising, such as Padraig Pearse and Joseph Plunkett.
The gaol’s role in housing these key figures reflects its importance as a site of political imprisonment and the struggle for Irish self-determination.
Today, Kilmainham Gaol serves as a major cultural and educational attraction. It offers guided tours that provide insights into the prison’s history, its role in Ireland’s political struggles, and the lives of those who were imprisoned there.
The tours highlight the harsh conditions prisoners faced and the significant events that took place within its walls, contributing to a deeper understanding of Irish history.
